- Principles
1.1. Hierarchy of norms
- Court of Justice of the European Union, Field of application of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, Fact Sheet, December 2017
JuriFast headings: 1.01.00 – The legal order of the European Union – Sources of EU Law – General | 1.04.02.00 – The legal order of the European Union – Fundamental rights – Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union – General
- J.–M. SAUVE, The national legal system in tune with the European and international law: issues of sovereignty?, Symposium organised by the Council of State and the Court of Cassation, April 2015
JuriFast headings: 1.03.02 – The legal order of the European Union – Respective powers and obligations of the European Union and of the Member States – National identity | 1.05.02.00 – The legal order of the European Union – EU law and national law – Implementation of EU law within the national legal system – General
- J.–M. SAUVE, Subsidiarity: a double–edged sword?, Seminar organised by the European Court of Human Rights, January 2015
JuriFast headings: 1.03.04 – The legal order of the European Union – Respective powers and obligations of the European Union and of the Member States – Principle of subsidiarity
- J.–M. SAUVE, A l’ère du pluralisme juridique, FIDE colloquium, May 2014
JuriFast headings: 1.01.00 – The legal order of the European Union – Sources of EU Law – General
- T. BARKHUYSEN and A.W. BOS, De betekenis van het Handvest van de Grondrechten van de Europese Unie voor het bestuursrecht: een actualisatie anno 2014, Jurisprudentie Bestuursrecht plus, 2014, 90–116
JuriFast headings: 1.01.00 – The legal order of the European Union – Sources of EU Law – General | 1.04.02.00 – The legal order of the European Union – Fundamental rights – Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union – General
- [ACA–Europe], Soft law, Legal norms and sources of law, Seminar organised by ACA–Europe, Paris, December 2013
JuriFast headings: 1.01.00 – The legal order of the European Union – Sources of EU Law – General | 1.01.01 – The legal order of the European Union – Sources of EU Law – Primary law and secondary legislation
- R. ORTLEP and M. VERHOEVEN, The principle of primacy versus the principle of national procedural autonomy, NALL June 2012, DOI: 10.5553/NALL/.000004
JuriFast headings: 1.01.01 – The legal order of the European Union – Sources of EU Law – Primary law and secondary legislation | 1.03.02 – The legal order of the European Union – Respective powers and obligations of the European Union and of the Member States – National identity
1.2. Fundamental rights
- A. Pahladsingh, A judgment of the Court of Justice can constitute a new element justifying a fresh examination of the substance of the subsequent asylum application. Case C-216/22, a strengthening of the legal position of the asylum seeker, EU Law Live, 22 February 2024.
JuriFast headings: 4.06.01.04 – Internal policy of the European Union – Area of freedom, security and justice – Border checks, asylum and immigration – Visas, asylum, immigration, etc. – Immigration policy
- ACA–Europe, Services to Citizens and Social Rights, Colloquium organised by the Italian Council of State in collaboration with ACA–Europe, Naples, 26 June 2023.
JuriFast headings: 1.05.02.00 – The legal order of the European Union – EU law and national law – Implementation of EU law within the national legal system – General | 1.04.03.01 – The legal order of the European Union – Fundamental rights – The fundamental rights – Human dignity | 1.04.03.15 – The legal order of the European Union – Fundamental rights – The fundamental rights – Freedom to choose an occupation and right to engage in work | 1.04.03.34 – The legal order of the European Union – Fundamental rights – The fundamental rights – Social security and social assistance
- L. Lavrysen, The ECHR and the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights in the Case Law of the Belgian Constitutional Court, 15–18 November 2023, International Conference “Human Rights: A European Perspective” at the Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic of Poland.
JuriFast headings: 1.04.02.01 – The legal order of the European Union – Fundamental rights – Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union – Field of application of the Charter (Article 51(1) and (2) of the Charter of Fundamental Rights) | 1.05.02.00 – The legal order of the European Union – EU law and national law – Implementation of EU law within the national legal system – General
- J. Krommendijk, EU Accession to the ECHR: Completing the Complete System of EU Remedies?, 14 April 2023.
JuriFast headings: 1.02.00 – The legal order of the European Union – Values and objectives of the European Union – General | 1.04.00 – The legal order of the European Union – Fundamental rights – General and sources
- D. Korff, Opinion on the Broader and Core Issues Arising in the PNR Case Currently Before the CJEU (Case C–817/19), November 2021.
JuriFast headings: 1.04.00 – The legal order of the European Union – Fundamental rights – General and sources | 1.04.03 – The legal order of the European Union – Fundamental rights – The fundamental rights
- European Commission, 2021 Report on the Application of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights ‘Protecting Fundamental Rights in the Digital Age’, COM(2021) 819 final, Brussels, 2021.
- M. VETZO, J. GERARDS and R. NEHMELMAN, Algoritmes en grondrechten, The Hague, Boom Juridisch, 2018
JuriFast headings: 1.04.00 – The legal order of the European Union – Fundamental rights – General and sources | 1.04.03 – The legal order of the European Union – Fundamental rights – The fundamental rights
- European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, Handbook on European non–discrimination law – 2018 edition, Luxembourg, Publications Office of the European Union, 2018
JuriFast headings: 1.04.03.21 – The legal order of the European Union – Fundamental rights – The fundamental rights – Non–discrimination | 1.09.00 – The legal order of the European Union – Non–discrimination and citizenship of the Union – General
- W. VAN BALLEGOOIJ and T. EVAS, An EU mechanism on democracy, the rule of law and fundamental rights, Brussels, 2016
JuriFast headings: 1.01.00 – The legal order of the European Union – Sources of EU Law – General | 1.04.00 – The legal order of the European Union – Fundamental rights – General and sources | 1.08 – The legal order of the European Union – Democratic principles
- European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, Handbook on European law relating to access to justice, Luxembourg, Publications Office of the European Union, 2016
JuriFast headings: 4.06.02.06 – Internal policy of the European Union – Area of freedom, security and justice – Judicial cooperation in civil matters – Effective access to justice
1.3. Rule of law
- European Commission – DG Justice and Consumers, 2023 Rule of Law Report, COM (2023) 800 final, Brussels, 2023
JuriFast headings: 1.02.01 The legal order of the European Union – Values and objectives of the European Union – Values | 1.04.00 The legal order of the European Union – Fundamental rights – General and sources | 1.08 The legal order of the European Union – Democratic principles
- S. Thin, Guardians of Legality? The International Judicial Function in an Era of Community Interest, 25 May 2023, Nordic Journal of International Law, Brill Publishers.
Jurifast headings: 1 The legal order of the European Union – 1.06 EU law and international law
- D. Kochenov, Dialogical Rule of Law in the Hands of the Court of Justice: Analysis and Critique, 26 April 2023, CEU Democracy Institute Working Papers No. 11, 2023.
JuriFast headings: 2.01.05 – Institutional framework of the European Union – Institutions – Court of Justice of the European Union
- European Commission – DG Justice and Consumers, 2021 Rule of Law Report, COM(2021) 700, Brussels, 2021.
JuriFast headings: 1.02.01 The legal order of the European Union – Values and objectives of the European Union – Values | 1.04.00 The legal order of the European Union – Fundamental rights – General and sources | 1.08 The legal order of the European Union – Democratic principles
- European Commission – DG Justice and Consumers, 2020 Rule of Law Report, COM(2020) 580, Brussels, 2020
JuriFast headings: 1.02.01 The legal order of the European Union – Values and objectives of the European Union – Values | 1.04.00 The legal order of the European Union – Fundamental rights – General and sources | 1.08 The legal order of the European Union – Democratic principles
- T. VON DANWITZ, Values and the rule of law: Foundations of the European Union – an inside perspective from the ECJ, Keynote speech Annual European Law Conference, King’s College London, March 2018
JuriFast headings: 1.01.00 – The legal order of the European Union – Sources of EU Law – General | 1.02.01 – The legal order of the European Union – Values and objectives of the European Union – Values | 1.08 – The legal order of the European Union – Democratic principles
- K. LENAERTS, The Court of Justice and National Courts: a Dialogue Based on Mutual Trust and Judicial Independence, introductory lecture given by the President of the Court of Justice of the European Union during the scientific conference "Application of the European law in jurisprudence”, Supreme Administrative Court of Poland, 19 March 2018
JuriFast headings: 2.01.05 – Institutional framework of the European Union – Institutions – Court of Justice of the European Union
- The Council of State of The Netherlands, Unsolicited advisory opinion on the effects of digitalisation on the legal relations between the state and citizens, W04.18.0230/I, Government Gazette 2018, no. 50999 and https://www.raadvanstate.nl/adviezen/zoeken–in–adviezen/tekst–advies.html?id=13065
JuriFast headings: 1.02.00 – The legal order of the European Union – Values and objectives of the European Union – General | 1.04.00 The legal order of the European Union – Fundamental rights – General and sources | 1.04.03.08 – The legal order of the European Union – Fundamental rights – The fundamental rights – Protection of personal data |
- [ACA–Europe] Transversal analysis 2017: Supreme (Administrative) Courts’ case–law on safeguards for judicial independence
JuriFast headings: 1.08 – The legal order of the European Union – Democratic principles | 3.00 – EEC/EC – Legal proceedings – General
- Secretary General of the Council of Europe, State of democracy, human rights and the rule of law. Populism – How strong are Europe’s checks and balances?, Report by the Secretary General of the Council of Europe, Strasbourg, 2017
JuriFast headings: 1.02.01 – The legal order of the European Union – Values and objectives of the European Union – Values | 1.04.03.11 – The legal order of the European Union – Fundamental rights – The fundamental rights – Freedom of expression and information | 1.04.03.12 – The legal order of the European Union – Fundamental rights – The fundamental rights – Freedom of assembly and association | 1.08 – The legal order of the European Union – Democratic principles | 3.00 – EEC/EC – Legal proceedings – General
- European Commission for Democracy through Law (Venice Commission), The rule of law checklist, Strasbourg, Council of Europe, 2016
JuriFast headings: 1.08 – The legal order of the European Union – Democratic principles
- J.–M. SAUVE, Towards a new mechanism to safeguard the rule of law, Speech by the President of ACA–Europe at the EU conference – Assises de la Justice, Brussels, 21 November 2013
JuriFast headings: 1.08 – The legal order of the European Union – Democratic principles
- Judicial protection against government action
2.1. Access to justice
- N. RASS–MASSON and V. ROUAS, Effective access to justice. Study for the PETI Committee, Brussels, 2017
JuriFast headings: 4.06.02.06 – Internal policy of the European Union – Area of freedom, security and justice – Judicial cooperation in civil matters – Effective access to justice
- I. CRAM, Judicial remedies for individuals before the highest jurisdictions, a comparative law perspective – The United Kingdom, Brussels, October 2017
JuriFast headings: 3.10.00 – EEC/EC – Legal proceedings – Appeals – General
- E. LONCKE, The role of the Belgian Council of State as a cassation court in light of judicial protection against government action, NALL November 2016, DOI: 10.5553/NALL/.000026
JuriFast headings: 3.12 – EEC/EC – Legal proceedings – Review
- [ACA–Europe] Transversal analysis 2015 : Access to administrative supreme courts and to their decisions
JuriFast headings: 1.04.03.47 – The legal order of the European Union – Fundamental rights – The fundamental rights – Right to an effective remedy and to a fair trial | 2.03 – Institutional framework of the European Union – Public access to documents | 4.06.02.06 – Internal policy of the European Union – Area of freedom, security and justice – Judicial cooperation in civil matters – Effective access to justice
- M. ELIANTONIO, Ch. BACKES, R. VAN RHEE, T. SPRONKEN and A. BERLEE, Standing up for your right(s) in Europe – A comparative study on legal standing (locus standi) before the EU and Member States’ Courts, Brussels, European Union, 2012
JuriFast headings: 1.04.03.47 – The legal order of the European Union – Fundamental rights – The fundamental rights – Right to an effective remedy and to a fair trial | 3.08.01 – EEC/EC – Legal proceedings – Procedural rules – Parties, legal representation, legal aid
2.2. Efficiency of administrative justice
- ACA–Europe, The judge and inert administration. Administrative discretionary power, seminar, Riga, 27 April 2023.
JuriFast headings: 4.04.03.00 Internal policy of the European Union – EEC/EC – Free movement of persons and services – Freedom to provide services – General | 1.04.03.41 The legal order of the European Union – Fundamental rights – The fundamental rights – Right to good administration
- ACA–EUROPE, Techniques for the protection of private subjects in contrast with public authorities: actions and remedies – liability and compliance, seminar, Rome, 23 May 2022.
JuriFast headings: 1.05.03 The legal order of the European Union – EU law and national law – References to national laws | 3.02.06 – EEC/EC – Legal proceedings – Actions for annulment – Actions for annulment – Effects of a declaration that a measure is void
- Butz, C. and Pettau, V., Harmonising Administrative Legal Documentation in Europe?, ACA–Europe seminar, Leipzig, 10–11 March 2021.
JuriFast headings: 1.01.00 The legal order of the European Union – Sources of EU Law–General | 1.02.02 The legal order of the European Union – Values and objectives of the European Union – Objectives
- M. QUINTIN, Cases relating to compensation under Belgian administrative law, Brussels, March 2017.
JuriFast headings: 9.23.06 Staff cases – Judicial proceedings – Actions for damages | 9.23.06.04.01 Staff cases – Judicial proceedings – Actions for damages – Rules governing liability of the administration – General / Illegality – Causal link | 9.23.06.04.02 Staff cases – Judicial proceedings – Actions for damages – Rules governing liability of the administration – Damage for which compensation is payable
- [ACA–Europe] Transversal analysis 2016 : Uniformisation of administrative jurisprudence
JuriFast headings: 1.01.00 The legal order of the European Union – Sources of EU law – General | 3.00 EEC/EC – Legal proceedings – General
- European administrative law
- ACA-Europe, Preliminary rulings of the Court of Justice of the European Union – from CILFIT to Consorzio, seminar, Stockholm, 9-10 October 2023.
JuriFast headings: 2.01.05 Institutional framework of the European Union – Institutions – Court of Justice of the European Union | 1.07 The legal order of the European Union – Interpretation of EU law | 1.05.02.00 The legal order of the European Union – EU law and national law – Implementation of EU law within the national legal system – General
- A.Paladsingh, Crimmigration and the Return Directive – Fundamental Rights, criminal sanctions and the legal position of the migrant, 2023, Eleven Publishers.
JuriFast headings: 4.06.01.04 Internal policy of the European Union – Area of freedom, security and justice – Border checks, asylum and immigration – Visas, asylum, immigration, etc. – Immigration policy | 1.04.03.19 The legal order of the European Union – Fundamental rights – The fundamental rights – Protection in the event of removal, expulsion or extradition
- A.Pahladsingh, Entry bans issued against third country nationals for reasons of national security: individual assessment required by the Member States, EU Law Live, 5 June 2023.
JuriFast headings: 4.06.01.04 Internal policy of the European Union – Area of freedom, security and justice – Border checks, asylum and immigration – Visas, asylum, immigration, etc. – Immigration policy
- A. Iurascu, How will the adoption of mandatory GPP criteria change the game? Lessons from the Italian experience, EPPPL 01/2023.
JuriFast headings: 1.05.02.00 The legal order of the European Union – EU law and national law – Implementation of UE law within the national legal system – General | 4.23. Internal policy of the European Union– Environment, sustainable development and climate
- A. Pahladsingh,Serious illness of a third country national and medical treatment and the options fort he Member States: removal or legal stay?, EU Law Live, 12 December 2022.
JuriFast headings: 4.06.01.04 Internal policy of the European Union – Area of freedom, security and justice – Border checks, asylum and immigration – Visas, asylum, immigration, etc. – Immigration policy
- A. Meskens, Mind the (regulatory) gap: the Commission’s legislative proposal on levelling the playing field in public procurement for foreign subsidies, EPPPL May 2022,
JuriFast headings: 4.08.04 Internal policy of the European Union – EEC/EC – Competition – Public undertakings
- ACA–Europe, The judicial review of regulatory authorities, seminar, Paris, 6 December 2021.
JuriFast headings: 1.05.02.00 The legal order of the European Union – EU law and national law – Implementation of UE law within the national legal system – General
- ACA–Europe, Law, Courts and guidelines for the public administration, seminar, Fiesole, 4–5 October 2021.
JuriFast headings: 1.02.01 The legal order of the European Union – Values and objectives of the European Union – Values | 1.04.00 The legal order of the European Union – Fundamental rights – General and sources | 1.07 The legal order of the European Union – Interpretation of EU law | 1.08 The legal order of the European Union – Democratic principles
- Court of Justice of the European Union, Monthly case–law digest
JuriFast headings: 2.01.05 Institutional framework of the European Union– Institutions – Court of Justice of the European Union
- Court of Justice of the Europen Union, Annual Report, Judicial Activity: Synopsis of the judicial activity of the Court of Justice and the General Court of the European Union, Curia, Luxembourg.
JuriFast headings: 2.01.05 Institutional framework of the European Union– Institutions – Court of Justice of the European Union
- European Union Agency for Fundamental Human Rights, European Court of Human Rights and Council of Europe, Handbook on European law relating to asylum, borders and immigration, 2020, Publication Office of the European Union, Luxembourg
JuriFast headings: 4.06.01 Internal policy of the European Union – Area of freedom, security and justice – Border checks, asylum and immigration
- European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights and Council of Europe, Handbook on European data protection law – 2018 edition, Luxembourg, Publications Office of the European Union, 2018
JuriFast headings: 1.04.03.08 The legal order of the European Union – Fundamental rights – The fundamental rights – Protection of personal data | 2.04 Institutional framework of the European Union – Protection of personal data
- The General Assembly of the Council of State of France, Puissance publique et plateformes numériques: accompagner l’ « ubérisation ». Etude annuelle du Conseil d’Etat de la France, Paris, Direction de l’information légale et administrative, 2017
JuriFast headings: 1.02.00 – The legal order of the European Union – Values and objectives of the European Union – General | 1.04.00 The legal order of the European Union – Fundamental rights – General and sources
- G. DEBERSAQUES and M. RYCKASEYS, The formal obligation to provide grounds and the reasons of state security, note under CoJ 4 June 2013, n° C–300/11, ZZ. Intervention by G. Debersaques during the ACA–Europe Seminar “Public order, national security and the rights of the third–country nationals in immigration and citizenship cases”, Cracow, 18 September 2017
JuriFast headings: 3.08.08.01 EEC/EC – Legal proceedings – Procedural rules – Judgments and orders – Statement of reasons
- M. ZIRK–SADOWSKI, Tax avoidance and the security of the state from the perspective of administrative judiciary, speech given by the President of the Supreme Administrative Court of Poland at the academic conference under the auspices of President of the Republic of Poland, entitled "International tax avoidance and the security of the state", Warsaw, 6 March 2017
JuriFast headings: 4.10.00 Internal policy of the European Union – EEC/EC – Tax provisions – General
- DG Justice and Consumers, Study on children’s involvement in judicial proceedings – Contextual overview for administrative justice, Luxembourg, Publications Office of the European Union, 2015 [Study available for 28 countries]
JuriFast headings: 1.04.03.24 The legal order of the European Union – Fundamental rights – The fundamental rights – The rights of the child | 3.00 – EEC/EC – Legal proceedings – General | 3.08.01 EEC/EC – Legal proceedings – Procedural rules – Parties, legal representation, legal aid
- B. STIRN, The administrative loop and procedural defects
JuriFast headings: 3.08.06 EEC/EC – Legal proceedings – Procedural rules – Measures of inquiry and measures of organisation of procedure
- X. DOMINO, Human dignity in the case law of the French Council of State
JuriFast headings: 1.04.03.01 The legal order of the European Union – Fundamental rights – The fundamental rights – Human dignity
- E. PRADA–BORDENAVE, Asylum, exclusion clause and extradition
JuriFast headings: 4.06.01.03 Internal policy of the European Union – Area of freedom, security and justice – Border checks, asylum and immigration – Asylum policy | 4.06.01.04 – Internal policy of the European Union – Area of freedom, security and justice – Border checks, asylum and immigration – Visas, asylum, immigration, etc. – Immigration policy
- [ACA–Europe] Sectoral economic regulation in EU countries, Colloquium organised by ACA–Europe, June 2014
JuriFast headings: 4.12.01 – Internal policy of the European Union – EEC/EC – Economic and monetary policy – Economic policy
- J. Chlebny, “Public Order, National Security and the Rights of Third–Country Nationals in Immigration Cases”, European Journal of Migration and Law, Vol. 20, 2, 115–134 and DOI: 10.1163/15718166–12340023
JuriFast headings: 1.04.03 The legal order of the European Union – Fundamental rights – The fundamental rights | 1.09.03 The legal order of the European Union – Non–discrimination and citizenship of the Union – Right of entry and of residence | 4.06.01 Internal policy of the European Union – Area of freedom, security and justice – Border checks, asylum and immigration
- A. Pahladsingh and A. Scalera, “Tension between the obligation to return for illegal third country nationals and an effective remedy in appeal in the light of the case law of the Court of Justice EU”, Journaal Vreemdelingenrecht (NL), December 2018, nr. 4, 31–50.
JuriFast headings: 1.04.03.19 The legal order of the European Union – Fundamental rights – The fundamental rights – Protection in the event of removal, expulsion or extradition | 3.08.11.03 EEC/EC – Legal proceedings – Procedural rules – Exceptional legal remedies – Third–party proceedings | 4.06.01.04 Internal policy of the European Union – Area of freedom, security and justice – Border checks, asylum and immigration – Visas, asylum, immigration, etc. – Immigration policy
- Comparative procedural law
- Bundesverwaltungsgericht Germany, Jahresbericht 2023, 14 March 2024
JuriFast headings: 1 The legal order of the European Union | 1.05 EU law and national law | 1.05.03 References to national laws
- D. Halberstam, Understanding National Remedies and the Principle of National Procedural Autonomy: A Constitutional Approach, 14 June 2021, Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal June Studies, University of Michigan Public Law Research Paper No. 21–017.
JuriFast headings: 1.01.01 The legal order of the European Union – Sources of EU Law – Primary law and secondary legislation | 1.03.02 The legal order of the European Union – Respective powers and obligations of the European Union and of the Member States – National identity
- ACA–Europe, The application of principles and general clauses in the jurisprudence of administrative courts, seminar, Madrid, 21 November 2022.
JuriFast headings: 1.05.03 The legal order of the European Union – EU law and national law – References to national laws | 1.01.02.00 The legal order of the European Union – Sources of EU Law – General principles of law – General
- [ACA–Europe] Transversal analysis 2021 : The Supreme Administrative Courts in times of COVID–19 crisis – 2021 edition, 2022
JuriFast headings:: 1.05.02.00 The legal order of the European Union – EU law and national law –Implementation of UE law within the national legal system–General
- ACA–Europe, Höchstrichterliche Verwaltungsrechtsprechung in Europa / Supreme Administrative Courts' Jurisprudence in Europe, C.H.Beck, München, 2021.
JuriFast headings:: 1.05.02.00 The legal order of the European Union – EU law and national law –Implementation of UE law within the national legal system–General
- [ACA–Europe] Transversal analysis 2020 : The Supreme Administrative Courts in times of COVID–19 crisis – a lesson learned
JuriFast headings:: 1.05.02.00 The legal order of the European Union – EU law and national law –Implementation of UE law within the national legal system–General
- ACA–Europe, Transversal Analysis 2019: Qualitative and quantitative review of the 2019 seminars, 2020
JuriFast headings: 3.08 EEC/EC – Legal proceedings – Procedural rules
- ACA–Europe, Transversal Analysis 2018: The Quality of Judgments, 2019
JuriFast headings: 3.08.08 EEC/EC – Legal proceedings – Procedural rules – Judgments and orders
- J.–M. SAUVE, L’urgence devant le Conseil d’Etat : procédures, méthodes de travail et défis nouveaux, IASAJ colloquium, Warsaw, September 2014
JuriFast headings: 3.08.00 EEC/EC – Legal proceedings – Procedural rules – General | 3.08.06 EEC/EC – Legal proceedings – Procedural rules – Measures of inquiry and measures of organisation of procedure | 3.08.12 EEC/EC – Legal proceedings – Procedural rules – Urgent preliminary ruling procedure
- Y. KREINS and J. JAUMOTTE, Comment réduire les délais de jugement ?, IASAJ colloquium, Warsaw, September 2014
JuriFast headings: 3.08.00 EEC/EC – Legal proceedings – Procedural rules – General | 3.08.05 EEC/EC – Legal proceedings – Procedural rules – Compliance with time–limits | 3.08.06 EEC/EC – Legal proceedings – Procedural rules – Measures of inquiry and measures of organisation of procedure
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